Ketoconazole, Clioquinol , Tolnaftate, Neomycin, Clobetasol

Ketoconazole is an antifungal agent used to treat a variety of fungal infections, such as those affecting the skin, nails, or scalp. Its primary mechanism of action involves inhibiting ergosterol synthesis in fungal cells, thereby impairing their cell membrane integrity and ultimately killing the fungus. Common examples of infections treated with Ketoconazole include dermatophytoses, tinea infections, and Pityriasis versicolor.
Clioquinol, on the other hand, is an antibacterial and antifungal agent that functions by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis and fungal cell membrane synthesis. It is particularly useful in treating infections caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and Pseudomonas species. Additionally, Clioquinol has been used as a topical treatment for parasitic skin infections, such as those caused by Demodex mites.
Tolnaftate is another antifungal agent commonly employed in the treatment of fungal skin infections. Its mechanism of action involves inhibiting the growth of fungi by preventing the formation of ergosterol, an essential component of fungal cell membranes. Tolnaftate is typically used to treat conditions like ringworm, athlete’s foot, and jock itch.
Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Its primary mode of action is the disruption of bacterial protein synthesis, which ultimately leads to bacterial cell death. Neomycin is often utilized in topical preparations to treat skin infections caused by bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus species.
Clobetasol is a potent topical corticosteroid used to reduce inflammation and itching associated with various dermatological conditions, such as eczema, psoriasis, and allergic reactions. Its primary mechanism of action involves inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins and other inflammatory mediators, thus suppressing the immune response and decreasing inflammation.