Methotrexate

Methotrexate is an essential medication used in the treatment of various medical conditions. It is an antimetabolite, which means it inhibits the growth of rapidly dividing cells, such as cancer cells and certain immune cells. Methotrexate is primarily used in the management of cancer, specifically in the treatment of leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer. Additionally, it is employed in the control of severe autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis, where it helps to suppress the overactive immune system.
Methotrexate works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), which is crucial for the synthesis of folic acid, an essential nutrient for cell growth and division. By blocking this enzyme, methotrexate prevents the formation of folic acid, thereby slowing down the growth of cancerous or overactive immune cells.
When used in cancer treatment, methotrexate is often administered in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to maximize its effectiveness. In autoimmune diseases, it is typically given in lower doses and may be used alone or in conjunction with other medications.
Methotrexate can have significant side effects, including nausea, vomiting, and reduced blood cell counts. Regular monitoring of blood counts and liver function is necessary to ensure patient safety during treatment.